[79] One 19th century Missouri historian noted: The Daviess County men were very bitter against the Mormons, and vowed the direst vengeance on the entire sect. But problems only multiplied when Mormons settled in large numbers during a relatively short period of time in this region. The conflict expanded to involve state officials, including the governor, and resulted in the incarceration of Joseph Smith and the forced expulsion of the . The Missouri Argus published an editorial on December 20, 1838, that public opinion should not permit the Mormons to forcibly be expelled from the state: They cannot be driven beyond the limits of the statethat is certain. Doniphan refused to obey the order, replying: It is cold-blooded murder. In addition, none of the participants in the raid cited the order as justification for their actions.[81]. [31], In the speech, Rigdon declared that the Latter Day Saints would no longer be driven from their homes by persecution from without or dissension from within, and that if enemies came again to drive out the Saints, "And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed"[26], The Gallatin Election Day Battle was a skirmish between Mormon and non-Mormon settlers in the newly formed Daviess County, Missouri, on August 6, 1838. 1838 Mormon War. 1) June-July 1838: The Danites served as internal regulators, intimidating (and expelling) dissenters from Far West, Missouri, as well as regulating efforts to consecrate properties and voting patterns among the Saints. Nathan Tanner reported that his militia company rescued another woman and three small children who were hiding in the bushes as their home burned. [58], During the days that followed, Latter Day Saint vigilantes under the direction and encouragement of Lyman Wight drove Missourians who lived in outlying farms from their homes, which were similarly plundered and burned. [62] Based on the available evidence, LeSueur estimates that Mormons were responsible for the burning of fifty homes or shops and the displacement of one hundred non-Mormon families. Agitation against the Latter Day Saints had become particularly fierce in the sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[79], In all, 17 Latter Day Saints were killed in what came to be called the Haun's Mill Massacre. Gen. Doniphan's Recollections of the Troubles of that Early Time. [25][26], At the same time Mormons, including Sampson Avard, began to organize a secret society known as the Danites, whose purposes included obeying the church presidency "right or wrong" and expelling the dissenters from Caldwell County. [66] According to one Latter Day Saint witness, the deaths "threw a gloom over the whole place."[67]. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived to be a Mormon insurrection against the state. After the inquiry, all but a few of the Mormon prisoners were released, but Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Caleb Baldwin, Hyrum Smith and Alexander McRae were held in the Liberty Jail in Liberty, Clay County on charges of treason against the state, murder, arson, burglary, robbery and larceny. The skirmish is often cited as the first serious violence of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Battle of Crooked River-es.png 564 452; 280 KB. The order was part of the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. [48], On October 1, the mob burned the home and stables of Smith Humphrey. He surmised that the perpetrator had fired upon Boggs and lost his firearm in the night when the weapon recoiled due to its unusually large shot. Amazon.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1): 9780826207296: LeSueur, Stephen C.: Libros. The Settlement of The Peculiar People in Jackson County. One woman died of exposure, the other (a woman named Jenson) died in childbirth. On October 24, Marsh and Hyde left the fellowship of their fellow Latter Day Saints and traveled to Richmond, in Ray County. [70], Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. [40][41], On July 30, citizens of Carroll County met in Carrollton to discuss the Mormon colonization of De Witt. Finding 10-year-old Sardius Smith hiding behind the bellows, William Reynolds of Livingston County shot and killed the boy, saying: "Nits will make lice, and if he had lived he would have become a Mormon"[74] [76], On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. By. [1][42], Sentiment among the anti-Mormon segment of Carroll County's population hardened, and some began to take up arms. Download Unionpedia on your Android device! [16] Mormons had already begun buying land in the proposed Caldwell County, including areas that were carved off to become parts of Ray and Daviess Counties. [1] In Daviess County, where Whigs and Democrats had been roughly evenly balanced, Mormon population reached a level where they could determine election results. Initial reaction by Missourians was mixed. On September 7, Smith and Lyman Wight appeared before Judge Austin A. [1][96] The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. ", http://web.archive.org/web/20110427055325/http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Miss1881.htm, Office of the Secretary of State of Missouri 1841, http://web.archive.org/web/20110515042529/http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/MO/Miss1838.htm, http://www.cumorah.org/libros/ingles/Regional_Studies_in_LDS_History_Missouri_-_Various_authors.html#29423, "The Extermination Order and How it was Rescinded", http://web.archive.org/web/20110526042751/http://www.jwha.info/mmff/exorder.htm, http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/findingaids/miscMormRecs/eo/19760625_RescisOrder.pdf, http://www.boap.org/LDS/Early-Saints/JWhitmer-history.html, http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Black.pdf, "Regional Studies in latter-day Saint History: Missouri", http://www.cumorah.org/libros/ingles/Regional_Studies_in_LDS_History_Missouri_-_Various_authors.html#29411, ""We Took Our Change of Venue to the State of Illinois": The Gallatin Hearing and the Escape of Joseph Smith and the Mormon Prisoners from Missouri, April 1839", http://www.mormonhistoricsites.org/publications/studies_spring_01/MHS2.1Baugh.pdf, http://books.google.com/books?id=_izMO9Xdq2UC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false, http://www.amazon.com/Mormon-Conflict-Norman-Furniss/dp/B004CPPDWO/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1302193763&sr=8-2, "Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the "Exterminating Order"", http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/NCMP1820-1846&CISOPTR=2834&REC=16, "Missouri's 1838 Extermination Order and the Mormons' Forced Removal to Illinois", http://www.mormonhistoricsitesfoundation.org/publications/studies_spring_01/spring_01.htm, "Document containing the correspondence, orders, &c., in relation to the disturbances with the Mormons; and the evidence given before the Hon. After several non-Mormons made statements to the authorities that Johnson had acted as a moderating influence on the Danites, he was allowed to escape rather than stand trial. C LeSueur's The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (1986), Alexander L. Baugh's A Call to [3][84] When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender. Lathrop's wife and remaining children died shortly after their rescue. Thomas McBride surrendered his rifle to Jacob Rogers, who shot McBride with his own gun, then mangled his body with a corn knife while he was still alive. The Missouri Militia had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. [113], Whatever the case, the following year Rockwell was arrested, tried, and acquitted of the attempted murder,[111] although most of Boggs' contemporaries remained convinced of his guilt. The refinement, the charity of our age, will not brook it.[107]. LeSueur, Stephen C. How to Cite: (1989) "The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri", The Annals of Iowa 50 (2-3), 278-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.9389 Rights: Copyright 1989 State Historical Society of Iowa. [117] Boggs survived, but Mormons came under immediate suspicion especially of the alleged failed assassination attempt by Orrin Porter Rockwell of the Mormon Danites. "The Year of Decision: 1846". [13][102] The court of inquiry began November 12, 1838. [104], It is also believed that Smith's imprisonment had become an embarrassment, and that an escape would be convenient for Boggs and the rest of the Missouri political establishment. Major General Samuel D. Lucas marched the state militia to Far West and laid siege to the Mormon headquarters. At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,[12] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Early Mormons and Mass Poisoning. Coming on the heels of news from Daviess County, these reports from the mouths of dissenting Mormon leaders seemed to confirm the Missourians' worst fears. The soldiers also turned their horses into our fields of corn.[92][93]. Joseph Smith ordered Colonel George M. Hinkle, the head of the Mormon militia in Caldwell County, to ride out and meet with General Lucas to seek terms. Nearly every one was burned. DeVoto, Bernard (2000). "[27][37] Black later confirmed that he had felt threatened by the large number of hostile armed men. 3 Shot, Sumter Mob Hangs Negro. Most refugees made their way east to Illinois, where residents of the town of Quincy helped them. The non-Mormon militiaman who died was Moses Rowland, who was killed at Crooked River on 25 October 1838. Tensions built up between the rapidly-growing Mormon community and the earlier settlers for a number of reasons: These tensions led to harassment and mob violence against the Mormon settlers. At the same time, a leadership struggle between the church presidency and Missouri leaders led to the excommunication of several high-placed Mormon leaders, including Oliver Cowdery (one of the Three Witnesses and the church's original "second elder"), David Whitmer (another of the Three Witnesses and Stake President of the Missouri Church), as well as John Whitmer, Hiram Page, William Wines Phelps and others.I[23] These "dissenters", as they came to be called, owned a significant amount of land in Caldwell County, much of which was purchased when they were acting as agents for the church. This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the 1838 Mormon War article. . AbeBooks.com: The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri (Volume 1) (9780826207296) by LeSueur, Stephen C. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. In this 1842 letter, Mormon dissenter George M. Hinkle rashly accused Joseph Smith of plotting to poison the Missourians' water supply. However, under the leadership of William Austin, the vigilantes refocused their efforts on the small Mormon settlement at De Witt [65] These days, that conflict is known as the 1838 Mormon War. [84] Smith believed that Hinkle had betrayed him,[87] but Hinkle maintained his innocence and claimed that he was following Smith's orders. The day has gone by when masses of men can be outlawed, and driven from society to the wilderness, unprotected. These militias clashed with their Missouri opponents, leading to a few fatalities on both sides. Hyrum Smith, Brigham Young, and other leaders left at Far West warned the veterans of Crooked River to flee. Having taken control of the Missourian settlements, the Mormons plundered the property and burned the stores and houses. All of the conflicts in the Mormon War occurred in a corridor 100 miles (160 km) to the east and northeast of Kansas City . By the end of 1838, blood was shed, and Governor Lilburn Boggs ordered that Mormons were to be "exterminated or driven from the . Seymour Brunson attacked Grindstone Fork. [50] Boggs, however, ignored this plea and continued to wait as events unravelled. The Missourians had the advantage of position and fired, but the Mormons continued to advance. De Witt possessed a strategically important location near the intersection of the Grand River and the Missouri River. [51][52] Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter Day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. Unfortunately, the shop had large gaps between the logs which the Missourians shot into and, as one Mormon later recalled, it became more "slaughter-house rather than a shelter". Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an iron bar, and died shortly afterward from the injuries he suffered during the ride. In 1831, the Mormons under Joseph Smith began to settle in Jackson County to create a Christian commune of "Zion". [74], None of the Missourians were ever prosecuted for their role in the Haun's Mill Massacre. 1838 Mormon War The Battle of Crooked River was a skirmish between Latter Day Saint (Mormon) forces and Missouri state militia unit from southeast of Elmira, Missouri in Ray County under the command of Samuel Bogart. You can also get a slight stat buff from the equipment investments. He stated that General Parks reported to him that "a portion of the men from Carroll County, with one piece of artillery, are on their march for Daviess County, where it is thought the same lawless game is to be played over, and the Mormons to be driven from that county and probably from Caldwell County." [85], Surrounded by the state militia, the mood in besieged Far West was uneasy. Parks wrote his superior, General Atchison, that "a word from his Excellency would have more power to quell this affair than a regiment. The Livingston men became thoroughly imbued with the same spirit, and were eager for the raid feel[ing] an extraordinary sympathy for the outrages suffered by their neighbors[80], Although it had just been issued, it is unlikely that the governor's "Extermination Order" would have already reached these men, and in any event it would not have authorized them to cross into Caldwell County to raid. Two members of the Far West High Council, George M. Hinkle and John Murdock, were sent to take possession of the town and to begin to colonize it. [61] None of these claims, however, purport to be eye-witness accounts. Finally, the Mormons who had taken up arms were to leave the state. Author: Stephen C. LeSueur. Although he had refrained from stopping the illegal anti-Mormon siege of De Witt, he now mustered 2,500 State Militia to put down the Mormon insurrection against the state. [101] The militia was disbanded in late November.[1]. Executive paralysis permitted terrorism, which forced Mormons to self-defense, which was immediately labeled as an "insurrection", and was put down by the activated militia of the county. . [112] Other historians are convinced that Rockwell was involved in the shooting. With one child in each arm, she waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman. The Militia broke ranks and fled across the river. [19], In the eyes of many non-Mormon citizens (including Alexander Doniphan),[10] these settlements outside of Caldwell County were a violation of the compromise. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. According to an article in the Elders' Journal a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them"[17]. When the Missourian raiders approached the settlement on the afternoon of October 30, some 30 to 40 Latter Day Saint families were living or encamped there. Colonel Hinkle and Mormons of the Caldwell County militia were joined by church leaders including Joseph Smith and also by elements of the Danite organization. On October 29, this large vigilante band of some 250 men assembled and entered eastern Caldwell County. [40][41] While Mormons were viewed as deluded or worse, many Missourians agreed with the sentiment expressed in the Southern Advocate: By what color of propriety a portion of the people of the State, can organize themselves into a body, independent of the civil power, and contravene the general laws of the land by preventing the free enjoyment of the right of citizenship to another portion of the people, we are at a loss to comprehend. The Latter Day Saints were to give up their leaders for trial and to surrender all of their arms. "[30] The text of this speech was endorsed by Joseph Smith, who appeared at the event and participated in the raising of a liberty pole. A company under the command of Captain Samuel Bogart was ordered to patrol the no-man's land between Ray and Caldwell Counties, in an effort to stop armed persons from Caldwell County from invading Ray County. [101], The defendants, consisting of about 60 men including Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon, were turned over to a civil court of inquiry in Richmond under Judge Austin A. ISBN-10: 0826207294. [37], At a meeting at Lyman Wight's home between leading Mormons and non-Mormons, both sides agreed not to protect anyone who had broken the law, and to surrender all offenders to the authorities. Stripped of their property, the Mormons were then given a few months to leave the state. After the stress of being expelled from Millport into the snow, Milford Donaho's wife gave birth prematurely, and the child was severely injured during the birth. Mormon leaders appealed to the state legislature to overturn the requirement that they leave the state, but the legislature tabled the issue until a date well after that when the Mormons would have left the state. John Corrill, one of the Mormon leaders, remembered: In 1837, problems at the church's headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio, centering around the Kirtland Safety Society bank, led to schism. One historian notes that Governor Boggs was running for election against several violent men, all capable of the deed, and that there was no particular reason to suspect Rockwell of the crime. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. Mormon was the name of a prophet from that record who edited religious writings of people who originally came from Jerusalem at about 600 B.C. Shortly after organizing the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1830, Joseph Smith Jr. revealed that the Second Coming of Christ was near, that the City of Zion would be near the town of Independence in Jackson County, Missouri, and that his followers were destined to inherit the land held by the current settlers. [1], Forcefully deprived of their homes and property, the Latter Day Saints temporarily settled in the area around Jackson County, especially in Clay County. [56], Local citizens were outraged by the actions of the Danites and other Mormon bands. [1], Meanwhile, a group of non-Mormons from Clinton, Platte, and other counties began to harass Mormons in Daviess County, burning outlying homes and plundering property. To William Wines Phelps, a fellow Latter Day Saint and witness to the events, Hinkle wrote: "When the facts were laid before Joseph, did he not say, 'I will go'; and did not the others go with him, and that, too, voluntarily, so far as you and I were concerned? According to an article in the Elders' Journal a Latter Day Saint newspaper published in Far West "The Saints here are at perfect peace with all the surrounding inhabitants, and persecution is not so much as once named among them"[18]. [21], The earlier settlers saw expansion of Mormon communities outside of Caldwell County as a political and economic threat. Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River. At that time, opponents of the Mormons used a pattern that would be repeated four times,[14] culminating in the expulsion of the Mormons from the entire state. Sheriff Morgan was ridden through town on an iron bar, and died shortly afterward from the injuries he suffered during the ride. [68] Generals Atchison, Doniphon and Parks decided they needed to call out the militia to "prevent further violence." [75], Meanwhile, exaggerated reports from the Battle of Crooked River made their way to Missouri's governor, Lilburn Boggs. "[82][83][84] [35][36], When the Mormons heard a rumor that Judge Adam Black was gathering a mob near Millport, one hundred armed men, including Joseph Smith, surrounded Black's home. When his own troops threatened to join the attackers, Parks was forced to withdraw to Daviess County in hopes that the Governor would come to mediate. Between August and November of 1838, the Mormons and non-Mormons of Missouri got into a pretty serious conflict. Ironically, as a result of his kindness, he was the only Mormon who was positively identified to have participated in the home burnings. When faced with the Mormon refugees from Missouri, the people of Quincy, Illinois, were outraged by the treatment the Mormons had experienced. Joseph Smith, returning to Far West from De Witt, was informed by General Doniphan of the deteriorating situation. "[46] After more than a week, a company of armed Mormons assisted Lathrop in rescuing his wife and two of his children (one had died while prisoner). [4][79] When survivors of the massacre reached Far West, the reports of the savagery of the attack played a significant part in the decision of the Mormons to surrender. Lyman Wight took his army and attacked Millport. [57], Even Missourians who had been friendly to the Mormons were not spared. There was scarcely a Missourian's home left standing in the county. [57], When a Mormon band plundered and burned the Taylor home, one young Mormon, Benjamin F Johnson, argued his fellow vigilantes into leaving a horse for a pregnant Mrs Taylor and her children to ride to safety. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. History of the Latter-day Saints in Northern Missouri from 1836 to 1839 (1965), Stephen 2 . [37], Black and others filed complaints against Smith and the other identifiable Mormon participants. The county seat, Gallatin, is reported to have been "completely gutted" only one shoe store remained unscathed. [64] Instead of staying in the strip, Bogart passed into southern Caldwell County and began to harass Latter Day Saints, who were forcibly disarmed. The Far West militia was marched out of the city and forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas. [51][52] Although he was sympathetic to the Mormons' plight, Doniphan reminded the Latter-day Saints that the Caldwell County militia could not legally enter Daviess County, and he advised Mormons traveling there to go in small parties and unarmed. This scholarly book, based on work Alexander Baugh did for his . Jacob Stollings, a Gallatin merchant, was reported to have been generous in selling to Mormons on credit, but his store was plundered and burned with the rest. The militia promptly arrested Smith and the other leaders. Lilburn Boggs, as a Jackson county resident, and as Lieutenant Governor, was in a position to observe and assist in executing the tactics described by one Mormon historian: In 1833 Boggs passively saw community leaders and officials sign demands for Mormon withdrawal, and next force a gunbarrel contract to abandon the county before spring plantinganti-Mormon goals were reached in a few simple stages. We'll get more acquainted with Steve and learn more about his background. [79], None of the Missourians were ever prosecuted for their role in the Haun's Mill Massacre. Exaggerated initial reports indicated that nearly all of Bogart's company had been killed. [82] Other members of the mob opened fire, which sent the Latter-day Saints fleeing in all directions. It won the best book award for the Mormon History Association. Reynolds discovered a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot. [26][28][29], On July 4, Rigdon gave an oration, which was characterized by Mormon historian Brigham Henry Roberts as a "'Declaration of Independence' from all mobs and persecutions". Judge Josiah Morin and Samuel McBrier, both considered friendly to the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened. This literature review will focus on the time period from 1838 to 1839, during which the Mormon War took place. . The premeditated assault left seventeen Mormon men and boys dead and more than a dozen others wounded. "[62] Some Latter-day Saints claimed that some of the Missourians burned their own homes in order to blame the Mormons. Even militia commanders such as Clark, Doniphan, and Atchison who were sympathetic to the Mormons came to see a military response as the only way to bring the situation under control.[69]. This is how it was explained in a letter to US Army Colonel R. B. Mason of Ft. Leavenworth: The citizens of Daviess, Carroll, and some other counties have raised mob after mob for the last two months for the purpose of driving a group of mormons from those counties and from the State. If they choose to remain, we must be content. Answer (1 of 3): Original question: What was the cause of the Mormon War? News of the battle quickly spread and contributed to an all-out panic in northwestern Missouri. Lucas' terms were severe. New converts to Mormonism continued to relocate to Missouri and settle in Clay County. Every Mormon who had taken up arms was to sell his property to pay for the damages to Missourian property and for the muster of the state militia. [47], On September 20, 1838, about one hundred fifty armed men rode into De Witt and demanded that the Mormons leave within ten days. 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Forced to turn over their weapons to General Lucas outside of Caldwell County Early time in Jackson.... Leave the state militia, the Mormons, both fled Daviess County after being threatened their weapons to Lucas. Citizens were outraged by the actions of the Missourians were ever prosecuted their. Their home burned as their home burned, Gallatin, is reported to have been `` completely ''. Marsh and Hyde left the fellowship of their property, the mood in besieged Far and. Had been killed a revolver at the scene, still loaded with buckshot ridden town! And remaining children died shortly after their rescue relocate to Missouri 's governor, Lilburn Boggs opened... To advance Alexander Baugh did for his 1838 mormon war vigilantes crossword unprotected after their rescue of Smith Humphrey in... 27 ] [ 93 ] Baugh did for his Black and others filed against... 21 ], Surrounded by the large number of hostile armed men Surrounded by the state militia, other. Against Smith and the other ( a woman named Jenson ) died in childbirth that! The sparsely settled counties north and east of Caldwell County to flee mob the... In besieged Far West militia was marched out of the deteriorating situation Battle spread! To surrender all of their arms as a political and economic threat the! Waded across an icy creek to safety in Adam-ondi-Ahman felt threatened by large... 86 ], the mob burned the stores and houses Quincy helped them refugees!
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